Advent of Code 2022 Day 9

Day 9: Rope Bridge

https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/9

The expedition has to cross a rickety rope bridge.

You decide to distract yourself by thinking about ~~food~~ rope physics.

Consider a rope with knots at each end.

A knot at the start, the head.
A knot at the end, the tail.

When the head moves far enough away, the tail has to follow.

The question does some magical handwaving, and now knots can be represented on a 2D grid of integers.

Today’s input is a list of motions the head takes.

An example input looks like this:

input.txt

R 4
U 4
L 3
D 1
R 4
D 1
L 5
R 2

This series of motions moves the head right four steps, then up four steps, then left three steps, then down one step, and so on.

Part 1

It’s a short rope, consisting only of the head and the tail, with no space in between.

The head and the tail must always be touching.

Touching means one of 2 thing is true:

Adjacent in one of the 8 directions (horizontal, vertical, or diagonal)
Completely overlapping.

If the head is ever 2 steps away from the tail (meaning: they are no longer touching), the tail must catch up.

If the head is ever two steps directly up, down, left, or right from the tail, the tail must also move one step in that direction so it remains close enough.
If the head and tail aren’t touching and aren’t in the same row or column, the tail always moves one step diagonally to keep up

The head and the tail both start at the same position, at the coordinates (0,0).

The question asks how many positions the tail of the rope visited at least once?

The positions the tail visited can be tracked in a set. For every line in the input, we simulate the rope, and insert the new position of the tail into that set.

In pseudocode, that would be:

pseudocode.rs

let mut seen = HashSet::new();
let starting_position = (0, 0);
let mut head = starting_position;
let mut tail = starting_position;
seen.insert(tail);

for step in steps {
    simulate_rope(step);
    seen.insert(tail);
}

I decided to make a Coord struct to represent a coordinate.

struct Coord {
    x: isize,
    y: isize,
}

To start writing out the solution:

day_09.rs

use std::collections::HashSet;

#[derive(Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Clone, Copy)]
struct Coord {
    x: isize,
    y: isize,
}

pub fn part_1() -> usize {
    let input = std::fs::read_to_string("src/day09.txt").unwrap();
    let start = Coord { x: 0, y: 0 };
    let mut head = start;
    let mut tail = start;
    let mut seen = HashSet::new();
    seen.insert(tail);
    
    for line in input.lines() {
        let (dir, amount) = line.split_once(' ').unwrap();
        let amount = amount.parse().unwrap();
        
        for _ in 0..amount {
            // move head
            // catch up tail if needed
            // insert the tail into the seen set if it moved
        }
    }
    seen.len()
}

The part where we move the head is straightforward, it’s the moving of the tail that’s the tricky part.

match dir {
    "U" => head.y -= 1,
    "D" => head.y += 1,
    "L" => head.x -= 1,
    "R" => head.x += 1,
    _ => panic!("tried to move in an invalid direction"),
};

To do that, we first determine if the tail is touching the head. We do that by calculating the difference between the head and the tail first.

let diff = Coord {
    x: head.x - tail.x,
    y: head.y - tail.y,
};
// if not touching, move tail and insert it into seen

The knots aren’t touching if the distance in any direction is larger than 1.

let diff = Coord {
    x: head.x - tail.x,
    y: head.y - tail.y,
};
let not_touching = diff.x.abs() > 1 || diff.y.abs() > 1;

The way the tail catches up is described by the rules above.
It turns out that catching up is equal to adding the sign of the difference in each direction!

tail.x += diff.x.signum();
tail.y += diff.y.signum();

The updated code is the answer to part1!

Final code

day_09.rs

use std::collections::HashSet;

#[derive(Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Clone, Copy)]
struct Coord {
    x: isize,
    y: isize,
}

pub fn part_1() -> usize {
    let input = std::fs::read_to_string("src/day09.txt").unwrap();
    let start = Coord { x: 0, y: 0 };
    let mut head = start;
    let mut tail = start;
    let mut seen = HashSet::new();
    seen.insert(tail);
    
    for line in input.lines() {
        let (dir, amount) = line.split_once(' ').unwrap();
        let amount = amount.parse().unwrap();
        
        for _ in 0..amount {
            // move head
            match dir {
                "U" => head.y -= 1,
                "D" => head.y += 1,
                "L" => head.x -= 1,
                "R" => head.x += 1,
                _ => panic!("tried to move in invalid direction"),
            };

            // determine if head and tail are touching
            let diff = Coord {
                x: head.x - tail.x,
                y: head.y - tail.y,
            };
            let not_touching = diff.x.abs() > 1 || diff.y.abs() > 1;

            // update tail and insert it into the seen set if needed
            if not_touching {
                tail.x += diff.x.signum();
                tail.y += diff.y.signum();
                seen.insert(tail);
            }
        }
    }
    
    seen.len()
}

Part 2

You now have to simulate a rope that has 10 knots instead of 2.

The question asks how many positions the tail of the rope visited at least once?

As in previous days, a lot of the part1 code is reused.

Instead of 2 variables for head and tail, we now track 10 variables. One for each knot in the rope.

In the implementation, each knot is stored as a coordinate in a list called rope.

The rope follows the same rules as in part1, so that logic remains unchanged.

For each step:

We first move the head of the entire rope.

Then, we iterate over 2 sections of the rope at a time.

The first is the head of that section and never moves.
The second is the tail of that section and catches up if necessary.

If the tail of a section is also the tail of the entire rope, we insert it into seen if it moved.

Final code

day_09.rs

use std::collections::HashSet;
use itertools::Itertools;

#[derive(Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Clone, Copy)]
struct Coord {
    x: isize,
    y: isize,
}

pub fn part_2() -> usize {
    let input = std::fs::read_to_string("src/day09.txt").unwrap();
    let start = Coord { x: 0, y: 0 };
    let mut rope = vec![start; 10];
    let mut seen = HashSet::new();
    seen.insert(start);

    for line in input.lines() {
        let (dir, amount) = line.split_once(' ').unwrap();
        let amount: u8 = amount.parse().unwrap();

        for _ in 0..amount {
            // move head of the whole rope
            match dir {
                "U" => rope[0].y -= 1,
                "D" => rope[0].y += 1,
                "L" => rope[0].x -= 1,
                "R" => rope[0].x += 1,
                _ => panic!("tried to move in an invalid direction"),
            };

            // move the rest of the rope
            for (head_idx, tail_idx) in (0..rope.len()).tuple_windows() {
                // determine if head and tail are touching
                let diff = Coord {
                    x: rope[head_idx].x - rope[tail_idx].x,
                    y: rope[head_idx].y - rope[tail_idx].y,
                };
                let not_touching = diff.x.abs() > 1 || diff.y.abs() > 1;

                // update tail and insert it into the seen set if needed
                if not_touching {
                    rope[tail_idx].x += diff.x.signum();
                    rope[tail_idx].y += diff.y.signum();
                    if tail_idx == rope.len() - 1 {
                        seen.insert(rope[rope.len() - 1]);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    seen.len()
}

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Advent of Code 2022 Day 9

Day 9: Rope Bridge

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